Middle East

Theodora was an Eastern Roman empress by marriage to emperor Justinian.(Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)

Theodora: from prostitution to empress of the eastern Roman empire

Bethlehem. (Getty Images)

My favourite place: Bethlehem, West Bank

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The end game: Britain’s role in Afghanistan 1947–50

Henry Cabot Lodge Jr (centre) at a UN Security Council meeting concerning the Suez crisis. (Photo by Lisa Larsen/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images)

Blood and sand: Suez, Hungary and the crisis that shook the world

The Mar Elian Catholic monastery burnt by Islamic State militants in 2016. (Photo by Valery SharifulinTASS via Getty Images)

History under attack: the destruction of antiquities in the Middle East

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Sykes-Picot and a 17th-century polymath . This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.

A combo picture of two images taken 13 August 2002 at Cairo Museum shows a foot of a mummy missing its big toe and beside it a prosthetic toe of leather and wood to replace the amputated real one. (Photo by Marwan Naamani/AFP/Getty Images)

Q&A How long have people used prosthetic limbs?

c1754: Siege of a town led by Godefroy de Bouillon (c1060-1100) 1st Crusade (1095-1099), showing Saracens firing arrows at Crusaders as they attempt to scale the walls. From manuscript of Roman de Godefroy de Bouillon. (Photo by Universal History Archive/Getty Images)

5 things you (probably) didn’t know about the Crusades

View of an Ancient Eyptian burial chamber

Q&A When was the first strike?

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A portrait of Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty which ruled over much of India from 1526 to 1858. (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)

How people make the past . This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.

Elizabeth I’s Armada portrait. (Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images

The Tudors’ unlikely allies

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Middle East history special . This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.

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The tomb of the Crusader knight Richard de Crupes.

Books interview with Christopher Tyerman: “Religious war isn’t an irrational act, and we shouldn’t dismiss it as irrational” . This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.

Saladin, seen in a 12th-century portrait, led Muslim opposition to the crusaders and united much of the Middle East. (Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images)

How to lead like Saladin

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Shakespeare and war in the Middle East . This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.